II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(HS05353)MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Definition, Nature and Scope Managerial Economics–Demand Analysis: Demand
Determinants, Law of Demand and its exceptions.
UNIT II
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Definition, Types, Measurement and Significance of Elasticity of Demand. Demand
Forecasting, Factors governing demand forecasting, methods of demand forecasting
(survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test marketing,
controlled experiments, judgmental approach to demand forecasting)
UNIT III
THEORY OF PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS
Production Function – Isoquants and Isocosts, MRTS, Least Cost Combination of
Inputs, Production function, Laws of Returns, Internal and External Economies of
Scale.
Cost Analysis: Cost concepts, Opportunity cost, Fixed Vs.Variable costs, Explicit
costs Vs.Implicit costs, Out of pocket costs vs. Imputed costs. Break-even Analysis
(BEA)-termination of Break-Even Point (simple problems)-Managerial Significance
and limitations of BEA.
UNIT IV
INTRODUCTION TO MARKETS & PRICING STRATEGIES
Market structures: Types of competition, Features of Perfect competition, Monopoly
and Monopolistic Competition. Price-Output Determination in case of Perfect Competition
and Monopoly. Pricing Strategies
UNIT V
BUSINESS & NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Characteristic features of Business, Features and evaluation of Sole Proprietorship,
Partnership, Joint Stock Company, Public Enterprises and their types, Changing
Business Environment in Post-liberalization scenario.
UNIT VI
CAPITAL AND CAPITAL BUDGETING
Capital and its significance, Types of Capital, Estimation of Fixed and Working capital
requirements, Methods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope of capital
budgeting, features of capital budgeting proposals, Methods of Capital Budgeting:
Payback Method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) and Net Present Value Method
(simple problems)
UNIT VII
INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Double-Entry Book Keeping, Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance- Final Accounts (Trading
Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet with simple adjustments).
UNIT VIII
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIOS
Computation, Analysis and Interpretation of Liquidity Ratios (Current Ratio and quick
ratio), Activity Ratios (Inventory turnover ratio and Debtor Turnover ratio), Capital
structure Ratios (Debt-Equity ratio, Interest Coverage ratio), and Profitability ratios
(Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit ratio, Operating Ratio, P/E Ratio and EPS).
TEXTBOOKS
1. Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis – Aryasri, TMH,2/E, 2005.
2. Managerial Economics - Varshney & Maheswari, Sultan Chand, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Financial Accounting for Management - Ambrish Gupta, Pearson Education,
New Delhi, 2004.
2. Financial Accounting - Schaum’s Outlines, Shim &Siegel,TMH, 2/E,2004
3. Production and Operations Management – Chary, TMH, 3/e, 2004.
4. Managerial Economics In a Global Economy - Domnick Salvatore, Thomson,
4th Edition 2003.
5. Financial Accounting—A Managerial Perspective – Narayanaswamy, PHI, 2005
6. Managerial Economics - Peterson & Lewis, Pearson Education, 4th Edition,
2004
7. Managerial Economics& Financial Analysis - Raghunatha Reddy &
Narasimhachary, Scitech, 2005.
8. Financial Accounting - S.N.Maheswari & S.K. Maheswari, Vikas, 2005.
9. Managerial Economics:Analysis, Problems and Cases - Truet and Truet, Wiley,
2004.
10. Managerial Economics – Dwived, Vikas, 6th Ed.,2002
11. Managerial Economics - Yogesh Maheswari, PHI, 2nd Ed., 2nd Ed. 2005.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(CE 05239) ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
UNIT - I
Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and
Importance – Need for Public Awareness.
UNIT - II
Natural Resources : Renewable and non-renewable resources – Natural resources
and associated problems – Forest resources – Use and over – exploitation,
deforestation, case studies – Timber extraction – Mining, dams and other effects on
forest and tribal people – Water resources – Use and over utilization of surface and
ground water – Floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams – benefits and problems
- Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and
using mineral resources, case studies. - Food resources: World food problems,
changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture,
fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. - Energy resources:
Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of
alternate energy sources. Case studies. Land resources: Land as a resource, land
degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. Role of an
individual in conservation of natural resources. Equitable use of resources for
sustainable lifestyles.
UNIT - III
Ecosystems : Concept of an ecosystem. - Structure and function of an ecosystem.
- Producers, consumers and decomposers. - Energy flow in the ecosystem -
Ecological succession. - Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. -
Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following
ecosystem:
a. Forest ecosystem
b. Grassland ecosystem
c. Desert ecosystem
d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)
UNIT - IV
Biodiversity and its conservation : Introduction - Definition: genetic, species and
ecosystem diversity. - Bio-geographical classification of India - Value of biodiversity:
consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values - .
Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. - . India as a mega-diversity nation
- Hot-sports of biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife,
man-wildlife conflicts. - Endangered and endemic species of India - Conservation of
biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
UNIT - V
Environmental Pollution : Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of :
a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Soil pollution
d. Marine pollution
e. Noise pollution
f. Thermal pollution
g. Nuclear hazards
Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and
industrial wastes. - Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. - Pollution case
studies. - Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
UNIT - VI
Social Issues and the Environment : From Unsustainable to Sustainable
development -Urban problems related to energy -Water conservation, rain water
harvesting, watershed management -Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its
problems and concerns. Case Studies -Environmental ethics: Issues and possible
solutions. -Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear
accidents and holocaust. Case Studies. -Wasteland reclamation. -Consumerism
and waste products. -Environment Protection Act. -Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act. -Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act -Wildlife Protection
Act -Forest Conservation Act -Issues involved in enforcement of environmental
legislation. -Public awareness.
UNIT - VII
Human Population and the Environment : Population growth, variation among
nations. Population explosion - Family Welfare Programme. -Environment and human
health. -Human Rights. -Value Education. -HIV/AIDS. -Women and Child Welfare. -
Role of information Technology in Environment and human health. -Case Studies.
UNIT - VIII
Field work : Visit to a local area to document environmental assets River /forest
grassland/hill/mountain -Visit to a local polluted site-Urban/Rural/industrial/
Agricultural Study of common plants, insects, birds. -Study of simple ecosystemspond,
river, hill slopes, etc.
TEXTBOOK :
Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses by Erach Bharucha
for University Grants Commission.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(EC05497) PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
UNIT I
LINEAR WAVESHAPING
High pass, low pass RC circuits, their response for sinusoidal, step, pulse, square
and ramp inputs. RC network as differentiator and integrator, attenuators, its
applications in CRO probe, RL and RLC circuits and their response for step input,
Ringing circuit.
UNIT II
NON-LINEAR WAVE SHAPING
Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, clipping at two independent levels, Transfer
characteristics of clippers, Emitter coupled clipper, Comparators, applications of
voltage comparators, clamping operation, clamping circuits using diode with different
inputs, Clamping circuit theorem, practical clamping circuits, effect of diode
characteristics on clamping voltage, Transfer characteristics of clampers.
UNIT III
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVICES
Diode as a switch, piecewise linear diode characteristics, Transistor as a switch,
Break down voltage consideration of transistor, saturation parameters of Transistor
and their variation with temperature, Design of transistor switch, transistor-switching
times.
UNIT IV
MULTIVIBRATORS
Analysis and Design of Bistable, Monostable, Astable Multivibrators and Schmitt
trigger using transistors.
UNIT V
TIME BASE GENERATORS
General features of a time base signal, methods of generating time base waveform,
Miller and Bootstrap time base generators – basic principles, Transistor miller time
base generator, Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current time base
generators.
UNIT VI
SYNCHRONIZATION AND FREQUENCY DIVISION
Principles of Synchronization, Frequency division in sweep circuit, Astable relaxation
circuits, Monostable relaxation circuits, Synchronization of a sweep circuit with
symmetrical signals, Sine wave frequency division with a sweep circuit.
UNIT VII
SAMPLING GATES
Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and Bi-directional
sampling gates, Reduction of pedestal in gate circuits, Applications of sampling
gates.
UNIT VIII
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES USING DIODES & TRANSISTORS
AND, OR gates using Diodes, Resistor, Transistor Logic, Diode Transistor Logic.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms - J. Millman and H. Taub, McGraw-
Hill, 1991.
2. Solid State Pulse circuits - David A. Bell, PHI, 4th Edn.., 2002 .
REFERENCES
1. Pulse and Digital Circuits – A. Anand Kumar, PHI.
2. Wave Generation and Shaping - L. Strauss.
3. Pulse, Digital Circuits and Computer Fundamentals - R.Venkataraman.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II
(EC05471) PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS
UNIT I
Introduction : Block diagram of Electrical communication system, Radio communication
: Types of communications, Analog, pulse and digital Types of signals, Fourier
Transform for various signals, Fourier Spectrum, Power spectral density,
Autocorrelation, correlation, convolution.
UNIT II
Amplitude Modulation : Need for modulation, Types of Amplitude modulation, AM,
DSB SC, SSB SC, Power and BW requirements, generation of AM, DSB SC, SSB
SC, Demodulation of AM : Diode detector, Product demodulation for DSB SC &
SSB SC.
UNIT III
Angle Modulation : Frequency & Phase modulations, advantages of FM over AM,
Bandwidth consideration, Narrow band and Wide band FM, Comparison of FM &
PM.
UNIT IV
Pulse Modulations : Sampling, Nyquist rate of sampling, Sampling theorem for Band
limited signals, PAM, regeneration of base band signal, PWM and PPM, Time Divison
Multiplexing, Frequency Divison Multiplexing, Asynchronous Multiplexing.
UNIT V
Digital Communication : Advantages, Block diagram of PCM, Quantization, effect of
quantization, quantization error, Base band digital signal, DM, ADM, ADPCM and
comparison.
UNIT VI
Digital Modulation : ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK demodulation, coherent and
incoherent reception, Modems.
UNIT VII
Information Theory : Concept of information, rate of information and entropy, Source
coding for optimum rate of information, Coding efficiency, Shanon-Fano and Huffman
coding.
UNIT VIII
Error control coding : Introduction, Error detection and correction codes, block codes,
convolution codes.
TEXTBOOKS
1. Communication Systems Analog and Digital – R.P. Singh and SD Sapre,
TMH, 20th reprint, 2004.
2. Principles of Communications – H. Taub and D. Schilling, TMH, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Electronic Communication Systems – Kennedy and Davis, TMH, 4th edition,
2004.
2. Communication Systems Engineering – John. G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi,
PHI, 2nd Ed. 2004.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05064) BASIC CLINICAL SCIENCES-I
UNIT-I
NEPHROLOGY: Principles of dialysis; Haemodialysis, Acetate dialysis, Bicarbonate
dialysis. Peritonial dialysis, Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, Haemoperfusion,
Sequential ultra filtration. Haemofiltration, Adequacy of dialysis, Clearance,
dialysance,
UNIT-II
Components of dialysing system, Dialysate, composition of dialysate, Types of
dialysers, controls and monitoring devices for dialysers. Clinical significance. Renal
transplantation: Basic principles.
UNIT-III
NEUROLOGY: Diseases of nervous system, spinal cord lesions, motor nervous
disease, Prolapsed intravertebral disc, Neuropathies, Myasthenia gravis, Diseases
of muscle.
UNIT-IV
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS IN NEUROLOGY. Electro
encephalography.Computerized axial tomography, Angiography,
Pneumoencephalography, neuromuscular stimulation, Electromyography. Clinical
applications. Clinical significance, Diseases of muscle, Motor neuron disorders, The
electrical study of reflexes. The silent period. The F response, The H reflex, The
axion reflexes. Disorders of neuromuscular transmission
UNIT-V
CARDIOLOGY: Heart structure and function, Cardiac cycle, various valves and their
function, Cardio vascular measurements. Prosthetic devices. Monitors. Heart lung
machine applications and clinical significance. CVP and SWAN catheters. Electro
cardiography: Source of ECG potentials: Dipole theory, conduction system, Normal
and abnormal ECG’s. Diagnostic applications, interpretation of ECG. Cardiacpacing.
Diagnostic indications. Criteria for selection. Therapeutic indications. Complications.
Temporary pacing. Permanent pacing.
UNIT-VI
CARDIAC ASSIST DEVICES: Arterial and Ventricular fibrillation, application of
cardiac assist devices. Cardiac catheterisation. Echocardiography, Cine angiography,
Treadmill and Ergometer Applications and Clinical significance. Diagnostic usage
of ultrasound scanners. Doppler ultrasound measurement. Clinical significance. Open
heart surgery grafts, bypass surgery. Instrumentation used for open-heart surgery,
Organization of I.C.C.U Clinical aspects.
UNIT-VII
GENERAL SURGERY: Surgical patient. Clinically significant investigations, Pre
operative preparation. Study and operation of surgical equipment. laproscopy and
its use in various surgeries
UNIT-VIII
GASTROENTROLOGY: Anatomy and physiology of G.I.T. clinically significant
symptoms, signs and diseases. Nutritional support and parenteral therapy. Height
and weight estimations according to age. Intravenous cannulae, I. V Sets, Infusion
pumps, stomach wash tubes. Various endoscopic procedures, liver biopsy etc.
REFERENCE:
1. Diseases of kidney, vol. 1&2 Little Brown.
2. Physiological Approach to Clinical Neurology by Lance Mcleod
3. Cardio vascular assist devices
4. Rushmer , Cardio vascular Dynamics.
5. Dent. Stodel, tureoffe Surgical Endoscopy
6. Tean W. Salesh, Laproscopy
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05101)BIOTRANSDUCERS AND APPLICATIONS
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION: Classification, Basic requirements of bio transducers, Quasi state
effects (linearity, Hysterisis), Amplitude distortion, Phase distortion, Sampling errors,
Input and Output impedance effects, Factors influencing the choice and design of
the transducer in Measuring the Physiological Parameters.
UNIT-II
TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS (Measurement Principle, Design and
Applications): Thermo resistive, Thermo electric, PN junction diode- Thermometers,
frequency change temperature Transducers, Chemical Thermometry, Radiation
Thermometry.
UNIT-III
DISPLACEMENT, TRANSDUCERS: Potentiometric Transducers: Resistive,
Resistive strain gauges. L V. D. T, Inductive displacement transducer, Capacitive
displacement transducers, Ultrasonic methods.
UNIT-IV
FORCE & VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS: Differentiation and Integration methods,
Doppler system, Methods based on the mass bauer effect, Electro magnetic methods.
Acceleration transducers: Piezo electric transducers
UNIT-V
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS: Occlusive cuff methods. Force balance methods.
Direct hydraulically coupled Catheter transducer system, Diaphragm displacement
pressure transducers. Electrical transduction methods for Catheter tip transducer.
Optical transducers. Implantable pressure transducer, Micro pressure transducer.
UNIT-VI
FLOW TRANSDUCERS: Flow probe design and application: Catheter tip
electromagnetic Intra vascular probe & electronic system. Doppler shift flow meters,
Pressure gradient technique, Intra vascular Thermistor probe, Water filled
plethysmography, Air filled plethysmography, Fick & Rapid injection indicator dilution
methods.
UNIT-VII
BIOTELEMETRY: Radio Telemetry principles, FM, AM, PCM. Transmission of
biological data through radio telemetry. Single channel, multi channel systems. Block
diagrams and functions of bio signal transmitters and receivers.
UNIT- VIII
Bioelectric Amplifiers - Different types of Bioelectric amplifiers, Principle of Operational
Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier characteristics, Integrator, Differentiator, Log
Amplifier and Antilog Amplifier. Signal Conditioning
TEXT BOOKS:
1. John Webster. Medical Instrumentation.- Application and Design. John Wiley
and Sons. Inc., New York. Third edition 2003.
2. Tatsuo Togawa, Toshiyo Tamura & P, Ake Oberg, Biomedical Transducers and
Instruments, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997.
REFERENCE:
1. Richard. S. C.Cobbold; Transducers for Biomedical Measurements- principles
and application; Krieger pub Co, 1992
2. L. A Geddes, L.E.Baker, Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, John
Wiley & Sons. 1989.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(EC05498) PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LAB.
MINIMUM TWELVE EXPERIMENTS TO BE CONDUCTED :
1. Linear wave shaping.
2. Non Linear wave shaping – Clippers.
3. Non Linear wave shaping – Clampers.
4. Transistor as a switch.
5. Study of Logic Gates & Some applications.
6. Study of Flip-Flops & some applications.
7. Sampling Gates.
8. Astable Multivibrator.
9. Monostable Multivibrator.
10. Bistable Multivibrator.
11. Schmitt Trigger.
12. UJT Relaxation Oscillator.
13. Bootstrap sweep circuit.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05557) TRANSDUCERS LAB
1. L.V.D.T & STRAIN GAUGE
Designing of Oscillator & proportional amplifier
2. Resistance Thermometry (R. T. D)
3. Thermister & Thermocouple
Designing of Bridge Circuit & Reference Junction Compensation Circuit
4. Photo Sensors: Photo Diode, Solar Cell, and Photo Transistor
5. pH Measurement
6. Pressure Measurement
Designing of Instrumentation Amp With Different Gains
7. Level Measurement
8. P. I. D
P.I, P.D, P. I. D
Designing Of Integrator & Differentiator Using Components
9. Op-Amp As Adder Subtractor
Designing of Adder & Subtractor Using Components
10. Speed Measurement
11. L. D. R & Piezo Electric Transducers
12. Inductive & Capacitive Pickup
Friday, December 14, 2007
Saturday, December 8, 2007
Second year syllabus for JNTU BME 2-1
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(EE05200) ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
DC MACHINES
Principle of operation of DC Machines- EMF equation – Types of generators –
Magnetization and load characteristics of DC generators
UNIT II
D.C. MOTORS
DC Motors – Types of DC Motors – Characteristics of DC motors – 3-point starters
for DC shunt motor – Losses and efficiency – Swinburne’s test – Speed control of
DC shunt motor – Flux and Armature voltage control methods.
UNIT III
TRANSFORMERS
Principle of operation of single phase transformer – types – Constructional features
Phasor diagram on No Load and Load – Equivalent circuit
UNIT IV
PERFORMANCE OF TRANSFORMERS
Losses and Efficiency of transformer and Regulation – OC and SC tests –
Predetermination of efficiency and regulation (Simple Problems).
UNIT V
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of operation of three-phase induction motors –Slip ring and Squirrel cage
motors – Slip-Torque characteristics – Efficiency calculation – Starting methods.
UNIT VI
ALTERNATORS
Alternators – Constructional features – Principle of operation – Types - EMF Equation
– Distribution and Coil span factors – Predetermination of regulation by Synchronous
Impedance Method – OC and SC tests.
UNIT VII
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Principle of operation - Shaded pole motors – Capacitor motors, AC servomotor, AC
tachometers, Synchros, Stepper Motors – Characteristics.
UNIT VIII
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS
Basic Principles of indicating instruments – Moving Coil and Moving iron Instruments
(Ammeters and Voltmeters).
TEXT BOOKS
1. Introduction to Electrical Engineering – M.S Naidu and S. Kamakshaiah, TMH
Publ.
2. Basic Electrical Engineering - T.K. Nagasarkar and M.S.Sukhija, Oxford
University Press, 2005
REFERENCES
1. Principles of Electrical Engineering - V.K Mehta, S.Chand Publications.
2. Theory and Problems of basic electrical engineering - I.J. Nagarath amd D.P
Kothari, PHI Publications
3. Essentials of Electrical and Computer Engineering - David V. Kerns, JR. J.
David Irwin
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(EE05539)SWITCHING THEORY AND LOGIC DESIGN
UNIT I
NUMBER SYSTEMS & CODES
Philosophy of number systems – complement representation of negative numbersbinary
arithmetic – binary codes – error detecting and error correcting codes –
hamming codes.
UNIT II
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND SWITCHING FUNCTIONS
Fundamental postulates of Boolean Algebra-Basic theorems and properties -
switching functions–Canonical and Standard forms—Algebraic simplification—digital
logic gates, properties of XOR gates –universal gates-Multilevel NAND/NOR
realizations.
UNIT III
MINIMIZATION OF SWITCHING FUNCTIONS
Map method, Prime implicants, Don’t care combinations, Minimal SOP and POS
forms, Tabular Method, Prime –Implicant chart, simplification rules
UNIT IV
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN
Design using conventional logic gates, Encoder, Decoder, Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer,
Modular design using IC chips, MUX Realization of switching functions Parity bit
generator, Code-converters, Hazards and hazard free realizations.
UNIT V
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES, THRESHOLD LOGIC
Basic PLD’s-ROM, PROM, PLA, PLD Realization of Switching functions using PLD’s.
Capabilities and limitations of Threshold gate, Synthesis of Threshold functions,
Multigate Synthesis.
UNIT VI
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS - I
Classification of sequential circuits (Synchronous, Asynchronous, Pulse mode, Level
mode with examples) Basic flip-flops-Triggering and excitation tables. Steps in
synchronous sequential circuit design. Design of modulo-N Ring and Shift counters,
Serial binary adder, sequence detector.
UNIT VII
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS - II
Finite state machine-capabilities and limitations, Mealy and Moore modelsminimization
of completely specified and incompletely specified sequential machines,
Partition techniques and Merger chart methods-concept of minimal cover table.
UNIT VIII
ALGOROTHIMIC STATE MACHINES
Salient features of the ASM chart-Simple examples-System design using data path
and control subsystems-control implementations-examples of Weighing machine
and Binary multiplier.
TEXTBOOKS
1. Switching and Logic design – CVS Rao, Pearson, 2005.
2. Switching & Finite Automata theory – Zvi Kohavi, TMH,2nd Edition.
REFERENCES
1. Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Design - F.J.Hill, G.R.Petrerson,
John Wiley, 2nd edition.
2. Switching Theory and Logic Design – R.P.Jain, TMH Editon, 2003.
3. Digital Design - Morris Mano, PHI, 2nd edition.
4. An Engineering Approach To Digital Design – Fletcher, PHI.
5. Digital Logic – Application and Design – John M. Yarbrough, Thomson
Publications, 1997.
6. Fundamentals of Logic Design – Charles H. Roth, Thomson Publications, 5th
Edition, 2004.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(EC05517) SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
UNIT I
SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Analogy between vectors and signals, Orthogonal signal space, Signal approximation
using orthogonal functions, Mean square error, Closed or complete set of orthogonal
functions, Orthogonality in complex functions, Exponential and sinusoidal signals,
Concepts of Impulse function, Unit step function, Signum function.
UNIT II
FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC SIGNALS
Representation of Fourier series, Continuous time periodic signals, properties of
Fourier series, Dirichlet’s conditions, Trigonometric Fourier series and Exponential
Fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum
UNIT III
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series, Fourier transform of arbitrary signal,
Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier transform of periodic signals, properties
of Fourier transforms, Fourier transforms involving impulse function and Signum
function. Introduction to Hilbert Transform.
UNIT IV
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS
Linear system, impulse response, Response of a linear system, Linear time invariant
(LTI) system, Linear time variant (LTV) system, Transfer function of a LTI system.
Filter characteristics of linear systems. Distortion less transmission through a system,
Signal bandwidth, system bandwidth, Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics,
Causality and Poly-Wiener criterion for physical realization, relationship between
bandwidth and rise time.
UNIT V
CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION OF SIGNALS
Concept of convolution in time domain and frequency domain, Graphical
representation of convolution, Convolution property of Fourier transforms. Cross
correlation and auto correlation of functions, properties of correlation function, Energy
density spectrum, Parseval’s theorem, Power density spectrum, Relation between
auto correlation function and energy/power spectral density function.Relation between
convolution and correlation, Detection of periodic signals in the presence of noise
by correlation, Extraction of signal from noise by filtering.
UNIT VI
SAMPLING
Sampling theorem – Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals, impulse
sampling, Natural and Flat top Sampling, Reconstruction of signal from its samples,
effect of under sampling – Aliasing, Introduction to Band Pass sampling.
UNIT VII
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Review of Laplace transforms, Partial fraction expansion, Inverse Laplace transform,
Concept of region of convergence (ROC) for Laplace transforms, constraints on
ROC for various classes of signals, Properties of L.T’s relation between L.T’s, and
F.T. of a signal. Laplace transform of certain signals using waveform synthesis.
UNIT VIII
Z–TRANSFORMS
Fundamental difference between continuous and discrete time signals, discrete time
signal representation using complex exponential and sinusoidal components,
Periodicity of discrete time usingcomplex exponential signal, Concept of Z- Transform
of a discrete sequence. Distinction between Laplace, Fourier and Z transforms.
Region of convergence in Z-Transform, constraints on ROC for various classes of
signals, Inverse Z-transform, properties of Z-transforms.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Signals, Systems & Communications - B.P. Lathi, BS Publications, 2003.
2. Signals and Systems - A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S.H. Nawab, PHI,
2nd Edn.
REFERENCES
1. Signals & Systems - Simon Haykin and Van Veen,Wiley, 2nd Edition.
2. Network Analysis - M.E. Van Valkenburg, PHI Publications, 3rd Edn., 2000.
3. Signals & Systems Analysis Using Transformation Methods & MAT
Lab - Robert:, TMH, 2003.
4. Signals, Systems and Transforms - C. L. Philips, J.M.Parr and Eve A.Riskin,
Pearson education., 3rd Edition, 2004.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(CM05045) APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT-I
Electro Chemistry and polymers: Conductance, Specific Equivalent and Molecular
Conductance -Cell constant -Measurement of Equivalent Conductance -Galvanic
Cell
UNIT-II
Standard Electrode Potentials -Calculation of E. M. F of a cell –Determination of pH
by E. M. F methods. Engineering use of the following a) Polyethylene, b) Teflon, C)
PVC, d) Bakelite, e) Rubber -Natural Rubber-.
UNIT-III
Lubricants and water Technology: Definition -Theory of Lubrication, properties of
Lubrication. Nature of Impurities present in water, Hardness of water and its
Determination, Different methods of Treatment of water- Lime soda, Zeolite, Ion
exchange process- Analysis of water.
UNIT-IV
Biochemistry of Living Cell, Sub-cellular. Fractionation using the Differential
Centrifugation Method. Functions of each Organelle, Transport of Substances across
Biological Membrane Function. Redox potential, Oxidative phosphorylation.
UNIT-V
Chemical nature of Enzymes - study of the Properties of Enzymes and kinetics by
Spectrophotometer. Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of Enzymes.
UNIT-VI
Carbohydrate, Protein & Lipid metabolism (Briefly), Nucleic Acid chemistry. Protein
synthesis. Transcription and Translation, Replication, Polymerase Chain
Reaction(PCR) Immunological Techniques or Immunoassay – Radio Immuno Assay
UNIT-VII
Blood Chemistry: Chemical Composition of Blood, Separation of Serum Proteins
and lipoproteins by Electrophoresis and Ultracentrifugation Acid Base Balance and
Biochemical Measurements of Acid-Base and Electrolyte status of the patients, Urine
Analysis.
UNIT-VIII
General methods of biochemical analysis carried out in the estimation of blood
constituents, such as glucose etc.
Principles and different methods of chromatography – fluorometry, flame photometry,
Automation and Biochemical Analysis.
Applications of isotopes in biochemistry.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Robert Murray, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W. Rodwell, Daryl K. Granner, Harper’s
Biochemistry, 26th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, February 2003.
2. Jain & Jain, Engineering Chemistry” Dhanpat Rai Publishing company,. New
Delhi.
REFERENCE
1. Rao, N. Mallikarjuna, Medical Biochemistry, New Age International Pvt Ltd,2002.
2. Lalit M. Srivastava, Nibhriti Das & Subrata sinha, Essentials of practical
Biochemistry, CBS Publishers, Ist edition, 2002.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05039) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT-I
Skeletal system: classification of Bones, Joints and Muscles- Structure and function.
Major Muscles of Limbs and their Actions. Functional Concept of the Human
body, Bone and Muscle Physiology,
UNIT-II
Nervous system and special senses: Brain and spinal cord, Peripheral and
Autonomic Nervous System, nerve physiology, Electroencephalogram and Electrocorticogram.
Anatomy and physiology of Eye and Ear.
UNIT-III
Cardiovascular system: heart, arterial and venous system, Performance
Characteristics of Heart and Major Blood Vessels, Electrocardiography
UNIT-IV
Respiratory system: Trachea and Lungs. Respiratory Physiology.
UNIT-V
Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands, Physiology of Endocrine Regulatory System.
UNIT-VI
Digestive System: Oesophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas
UNIT-VII
Lymphatic system: Spleen, glands and Lymph nodes
UNIT-VIII
Reproductive and Urinary Systems: Male and Female. Counter Current Concept
and its Application of Concentration Of Urine
REFERENCE:
1. Charles E. Tobin, Basic Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, 1980.
2. J Gibson, Modern Physiology & Anatomy for Nurses; Black-well Scientific Publishers,
1981.
3. Best and Taylor, The Living Body; B.I Publication, 1980. .
4. C. Tandan & Dr. Chandhramoli; Textbook of physiology for Dental studies.
Dorpan Publications.
5. Gorden Sears, W. S & Winwood W. S;Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses, Revised
edition
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05082) BIOELECTRICITY AND ELECTRODES
UNIT-I
Bioelectricity generation at the cellular & sub cellular level. Different biopotentials
and their characteristics.
UNIT-II
Nernst Equation: Derivations and its significance. Refractory Period Characteristics
of Stimulus. Strength-Duration relationship. Electrical equivalent circuit of Axon.
Membrane time and space constants.
UNIT-III
Hodgkin- huxley formulation, Membrane conductance, Nerve conduction, membrane
properties from current voltage relations, Models of squid axon. Propagation of impulses
in unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fiber. Electrical properties of receptors.
Intensity-frequency relationship. Electrical properties of synaptic junctions -
EPSP and IPSP.
UNIT-IV
Characteristics of Action potentials at SA Node, Atria, A V Node, Purkinje fibers and
Ventricles. ECG Complexes. 12 lead ECG. Standard leads of Einthoven. Pericardial
leads and Augmented limb leads. Relationship between unipolar extremity leads
and standard Bipolar leads.
UNIT-V
Biopotential electrodes: classification & characteristics. Electrode-Electrolyte Interface,
Equivalent Circuit Properties of Needle & Micro Electrodes, Electrodes for
Surgery, Physiotherapy & Analytical instruments.
UNIT-VI
Electrodes for ECG EEG EMG, EOG. Electrodes for surgery, physiotherapy and
Analytical Instruments, Ion-sensitive electrodes used in Biochemistry analysers.
UNIT-VII
Electrical activity of skeletal muscles, Motor unit potentials, neuromuscular transmission,
EMG wave form. Surface and needle electrodes for EMG. Velocity and
their changes in normal and abnormal states. Fatigue and conduction, chemical
significance. Gradation of muscular activity.
UNIT-VIII
Application of Bioelectric phenomena Forward, Inverse problems. Electro Encephalogram.
Impedance Plethysmography, Measurement of Tissue Resistance.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Robert Plonsey and Roger Barr, Bioelectricity, McGraw Hill, 1986.
2. John Webster. Medical Instrumentation.- Application and Design. John Wiley
and Sons. Inc., New York. Third edition 2003.
REFERENCE
1. Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation by L. A Geddes, John Willy &
Sons,1989.
2. Plonsey Robert and Flemming David G. Bioelectrical phenomena, McGraw
Hill, 1969.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05043) APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LAB
1. Study of Plasma protein electrophoresis.
2. Study of Chromatography to separate amino acids in protein mixtures.
3. Study of Colorimetry.
4. Study of Spectrophotometry.
5. Study of pH meter
6. Study of Flame photometry-Analysis of Na and K in an unknown sample
7. Quantitative estimation of glucose.
8. Quantitative estimation of urea.
9. Quantitative estimation of creatinine
10. Quantitative estimation of Serum proteins, A/G Ratio
11. CSF Analysis
12. Clearance Tests – Demonstration.
13. Test for presence of (a) Reducing Sugars (b) Proteins. (c) Ketone Bodies.
(d) Blood. (e) Bile Salts. (f) Bile Pigments.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05040)ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB
1. Histology Practicals. Showing the slides of Primary tissues.
2. Demonstration of Brain Dissection.
3. Dissected Upper limbs & Lower limbs -Its demonstration.
4. Dissection of Pelvis and Pelvic Organs Abdomen and Abdominal Organs.
5. Dissection of thorax – showing heart & major blood vessels, lungs and respiratory system.
6. Recording of B. P. and Effects of Physical Exertion and Posture on this Parameter.
7. Recording Mechanical Response of the Muscle on Application of Induced Electric Signal,
8. Study of Rate of Conduction of Nerve Impulse.
9. Isolated frog’s Heart Perfusion and Effect of Ions (Mg, Ca, K) using Slow Micro Injector (Demonstration).
10. Analysis of Na,K in an unknown sample using flame photometer (Demonstration).
11. Test of Hearing using Tuning Fork.
12. Recording of EMG, ECG, and EEG by Polygraph (Demonstration).
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(HS05353)MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Definition, Nature and Scope Managerial Economics–Demand Analysis: Demand
Determinants, Law of Demand and its exceptions.
UNIT II
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Definition, Types, Measurement and Significance of Elasticity of Demand. Demand
Forecasting, Factors governing demand forecasting, methods of demand forecasting
(survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test marketing,
controlled experiments, judgmental approach to demand forecasting)
UNIT III
THEORY OF PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS
Production Function – Isoquants and Isocosts, MRTS, Least Cost Combination of
Inputs, Production function, Laws of Returns, Internal and External Economies of
Scale.
Cost Analysis: Cost concepts, Opportunity cost, Fixed Vs.Variable costs, Explicit
costs Vs.Implicit costs, Out of pocket costs vs. Imputed costs. Break-even Analysis
(BEA)-termination of Break-Even Point (simple problems)-Managerial Significance
and limitations of BEA.
UNIT IV
INTRODUCTION TO MARKETS & PRICING STRATEGIES
Market structures: Types of competition, Features of Perfect competition, Monopoly
and Monopolistic Competition. Price-Output Determination in case of Perfect Competition
and Monopoly. Pricing Strategies
UNIT V
BUSINESS & NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Characteristic features of Business, Features and evaluation of Sole Proprietorship,
Partnership, Joint Stock Company, Public Enterprises and their types, Changing
Business Environment in Post-liberalization scenario.
UNIT VI
CAPITAL AND CAPITAL BUDGETING
Capital and its significance, Types of Capital, Estimation of Fixed and Working capital
requirements, Methods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope of capital
budgeting, features of capital budgeting proposals, Methods of Capital Budgeting:
Payback Method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) and Net Present Value Method
(simple problems)
UNIT VII
INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Double-Entry Book Keeping, Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance- Final Accounts (Trading
Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet with simple adjustments).
UNIT VIII
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIOS
Computation, Analysis and Interpretation of Liquidity Ratios (Current Ratio and quick
ratio), Activity Ratios (Inventory turnover ratio and Debtor Turnover ratio), Capital
structure Ratios (Debt-Equity ratio, Interest Coverage ratio), and Profitability ratios
(Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit ratio, Operating Ratio, P/E Ratio and EPS).
TEXTBOOKS
1. Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis – Aryasri, TMH,2/E, 2005.
2. Managerial Economics - Varshney & Maheswari, Sultan Chand, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Financial Accounting for Management - Ambrish Gupta, Pearson Education,
New Delhi, 2004.
2. Financial Accounting - Schaum’s Outlines, Shim &Siegel,TMH, 2/E,2004
3. Production and Operations Management – Chary, TMH, 3/e, 2004.
4. Managerial Economics In a Global Economy - Domnick Salvatore, Thomson,
4th Edition 2003.
5. Financial Accounting—A Managerial Perspective – Narayanaswamy, PHI, 2005
6. Managerial Economics - Peterson & Lewis, Pearson Education, 4th Edition,
2004
7. Managerial Economics& Financial Analysis - Raghunatha Reddy &
Narasimhachary, Scitech, 2005.
8. Financial Accounting - S.N.Maheswari & S.K. Maheswari, Vikas, 2005.
9. Managerial Economics:Analysis, Problems and Cases - Truet and Truet, Wiley,
2004.
10. Managerial Economics – Dwived, Vikas, 6th Ed.,2002
11. Managerial Economics - Yogesh Maheswari, PHI, 2nd Ed., 2nd Ed. 2005.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(CE 05239) ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
UNIT - I
Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and
Importance – Need for Public Awareness.
UNIT - II
Natural Resources : Renewable and non-renewable resources – Natural resources
and associated problems – Forest resources – Use and over – exploitation,
deforestation, case studies – Timber extraction – Mining, dams and other effects on
forest and tribal people – Water resources – Use and over utilization of surface and
ground water – Floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams – benefits and problems
- Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and
using mineral resources, case studies. - Food resources: World food problems,
changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture,
fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. - Energy resources:
Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of
alternate energy sources. Case studies. Land resources: Land as a resource, land
degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. Role of an
individual in conservation of natural resources. Equitable use of resources for
sustainable lifestyles.
UNIT - III
Ecosystems : Concept of an ecosystem. - Structure and function of an ecosystem.
- Producers, consumers and decomposers. - Energy flow in the ecosystem -
Ecological succession. - Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. -
Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following
ecosystem:
a. Forest ecosystem
b. Grassland ecosystem
c. Desert ecosystem
d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)
UNIT - IV
Biodiversity and its conservation : Introduction - Definition: genetic, species and
ecosystem diversity. - Bio-geographical classification of India - Value of biodiversity:
consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values - .
Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. - . India as a mega-diversity nation
- Hot-sports of biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife,
man-wildlife conflicts. - Endangered and endemic species of India - Conservation of
biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
UNIT - V
Environmental Pollution : Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of :
a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Soil pollution
d. Marine pollution
e. Noise pollution
f. Thermal pollution
g. Nuclear hazards
Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and
industrial wastes. - Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. - Pollution case
studies. - Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
UNIT - VI
Social Issues and the Environment : From Unsustainable to Sustainable
development -Urban problems related to energy -Water conservation, rain water
harvesting, watershed management -Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its
problems and concerns. Case Studies -Environmental ethics: Issues and possible
solutions. -Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear
accidents and holocaust. Case Studies. -Wasteland reclamation. -Consumerism
and waste products. -Environment Protection Act. -Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act. -Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act -Wildlife Protection
Act -Forest Conservation Act -Issues involved in enforcement of environmental
legislation. -Public awareness.
UNIT - VII
Human Population and the Environment : Population growth, variation among
nations. Population explosion - Family Welfare Programme. -Environment and human
health. -Human Rights. -Value Education. -HIV/AIDS. -Women and Child Welfare. -
Role of information Technology in Environment and human health. -Case Studies.
UNIT - VIII
Field work : Visit to a local area to document environmental assets River /forest
grassland/hill/mountain -Visit to a local polluted site-Urban/Rural/industrial/
Agricultural Study of common plants, insects, birds. -Study of simple ecosystemspond,
river, hill slopes, etc.
TEXTBOOK :
Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses by Erach Bharucha
for University Grants Commission.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(EC05497) PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
UNIT I
LINEAR WAVESHAPING
High pass, low pass RC circuits, their response for sinusoidal, step, pulse, square
and ramp inputs. RC network as differentiator and integrator, attenuators, its
applications in CRO probe, RL and RLC circuits and their response for step input,
Ringing circuit.
UNIT II
NON-LINEAR WAVE SHAPING
Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, clipping at two independent levels, Transfer
characteristics of clippers, Emitter coupled clipper, Comparators, applications of
voltage comparators, clamping operation, clamping circuits using diode with different
inputs, Clamping circuit theorem, practical clamping circuits, effect of diode
characteristics on clamping voltage, Transfer characteristics of clampers.
UNIT III
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVICES
Diode as a switch, piecewise linear diode characteristics, Transistor as a switch,
Break down voltage consideration of transistor, saturation parameters of Transistor
and their variation with temperature, Design of transistor switch, transistor-switching
times.
UNIT IV
MULTIVIBRATORS
Analysis and Design of Bistable, Monostable, Astable Multivibrators and Schmitt
trigger using transistors.
UNIT V
TIME BASE GENERATORS
General features of a time base signal, methods of generating time base waveform,
Miller and Bootstrap time base generators – basic principles, Transistor miller time
base generator, Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current time base
generators.
UNIT VI
SYNCHRONIZATION AND FREQUENCY DIVISION
Principles of Synchronization, Frequency division in sweep circuit, Astable relaxation
circuits, Monostable relaxation circuits, Synchronization of a sweep circuit with
symmetrical signals, Sine wave frequency division with a sweep circuit.
UNIT VII
SAMPLING GATES
Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and Bi-directional
sampling gates, Reduction of pedestal in gate circuits, Applications of sampling
gates.
UNIT VIII
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES USING DIODES & TRANSISTORS
AND, OR gates using Diodes, Resistor, Transistor Logic, Diode Transistor Logic.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms - J. Millman and H. Taub, McGraw-
Hill, 1991.
2. Solid State Pulse circuits - David A. Bell, PHI, 4th Edn.., 2002 .
REFERENCES
1. Pulse and Digital Circuits – A. Anand Kumar, PHI.
2. Wave Generation and Shaping - L. Strauss.
3. Pulse, Digital Circuits and Computer Fundamentals - R.Venkataraman.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II
(EC05471) PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS
UNIT I
Introduction : Block diagram of Electrical communication system, Radio communication
: Types of communications, Analog, pulse and digital Types of signals, Fourier
Transform for various signals, Fourier Spectrum, Power spectral density,
Autocorrelation, correlation, convolution.
UNIT II
Amplitude Modulation : Need for modulation, Types of Amplitude modulation, AM,
DSB SC, SSB SC, Power and BW requirements, generation of AM, DSB SC, SSB
SC, Demodulation of AM : Diode detector, Product demodulation for DSB SC &
SSB SC.
UNIT III
Angle Modulation : Frequency & Phase modulations, advantages of FM over AM,
Bandwidth consideration, Narrow band and Wide band FM, Comparison of FM &
PM.
UNIT IV
Pulse Modulations : Sampling, Nyquist rate of sampling, Sampling theorem for Band
limited signals, PAM, regeneration of base band signal, PWM and PPM, Time Divison
Multiplexing, Frequency Divison Multiplexing, Asynchronous Multiplexing.
UNIT V
Digital Communication : Advantages, Block diagram of PCM, Quantization, effect of
quantization, quantization error, Base band digital signal, DM, ADM, ADPCM and
comparison.
UNIT VI
Digital Modulation : ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK demodulation, coherent and
incoherent reception, Modems.
UNIT VII
Information Theory : Concept of information, rate of information and entropy, Source
coding for optimum rate of information, Coding efficiency, Shanon-Fano and Huffman
coding.
UNIT VIII
Error control coding : Introduction, Error detection and correction codes, block codes,
convolution codes.
TEXTBOOKS
1. Communication Systems Analog and Digital – R.P. Singh and SD Sapre,
TMH, 20th reprint, 2004.
2. Principles of Communications – H. Taub and D. Schilling, TMH, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Electronic Communication Systems – Kennedy and Davis, TMH, 4th edition,
2004.
2. Communication Systems Engineering – John. G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi,
PHI, 2nd Ed. 2004.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05064) BASIC CLINICAL SCIENCES-I
UNIT-I
NEPHROLOGY: Principles of dialysis; Haemodialysis, Acetate dialysis, Bicarbonate
dialysis. Peritonial dialysis, Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, Haemoperfusion,
Sequential ultra filtration. Haemofiltration, Adequacy of dialysis, Clearance,
dialysance,
UNIT-II
Components of dialysing system, Dialysate, composition of dialysate, Types of
dialysers, controls and monitoring devices for dialysers. Clinical significance. Renal
transplantation: Basic principles.
UNIT-III
NEUROLOGY: Diseases of nervous system, spinal cord lesions, motor nervous
disease, Prolapsed intravertebral disc, Neuropathies, Myasthenia gravis, Diseases
of muscle.
UNIT-IV
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS IN NEUROLOGY. Electro
encephalography.Computerized axial tomography, Angiography,
Pneumoencephalography, neuromuscular stimulation, Electromyography. Clinical
applications. Clinical significance, Diseases of muscle, Motor neuron disorders, The
electrical study of reflexes. The silent period. The F response, The H reflex, The
axion reflexes. Disorders of neuromuscular transmission
UNIT-V
CARDIOLOGY: Heart structure and function, Cardiac cycle, various valves and their
function, Cardio vascular measurements. Prosthetic devices. Monitors. Heart lung
machine applications and clinical significance. CVP and SWAN catheters. Electro
cardiography: Source of ECG potentials: Dipole theory, conduction system, Normal
and abnormal ECG’s. Diagnostic applications, interpretation of ECG. Cardiacpacing.
Diagnostic indications. Criteria for selection. Therapeutic indications. Complications.
Temporary pacing. Permanent pacing.
UNIT-VI
CARDIAC ASSIST DEVICES: Arterial and Ventricular fibrillation, application of
cardiac assist devices. Cardiac catheterisation. Echocardiography, Cine angiography,
Treadmill and Ergometer Applications and Clinical significance. Diagnostic usage
of ultrasound scanners. Doppler ultrasound measurement. Clinical significance. Open
heart surgery grafts, bypass surgery. Instrumentation used for open-heart surgery,
Organization of I.C.C.U Clinical aspects.
UNIT-VII
GENERAL SURGERY: Surgical patient. Clinically significant investigations, Pre
operative preparation. Study and operation of surgical equipment. laproscopy and
its use in various surgeries
UNIT-VIII
GASTROENTROLOGY: Anatomy and physiology of G.I.T. clinically significant
symptoms, signs and diseases. Nutritional support and parenteral therapy. Height
and weight estimations according to age. Intravenous cannulae, I. V Sets, Infusion
pumps, stomach wash tubes. Various endoscopic procedures, liver biopsy etc.
REFERENCE:
1. Diseases of kidney, vol. 1&2 Little Brown.
2. Physiological Approach to Clinical Neurology by Lance Mcleod
3. Cardio vascular assist devices
4. Rushmer , Cardio vascular Dynamics.
5. Dent. Stodel, tureoffe Surgical Endoscopy
6. Tean W. Salesh, Laproscopy
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05101)BIOTRANSDUCERS AND APPLICATIONS
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION: Classification, Basic requirements of bio transducers, Quasi state
effects (linearity, Hysterisis), Amplitude distortion, Phase distortion, Sampling errors,
Input and Output impedance effects, Factors influencing the choice and design of
the transducer in Measuring the Physiological Parameters.
UNIT-II
TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS (Measurement Principle, Design and
Applications): Thermo resistive, Thermo electric, PN junction diode- Thermometers,
frequency change temperature Transducers, Chemical Thermometry, Radiation
Thermometry.
UNIT-III
DISPLACEMENT, TRANSDUCERS: Potentiometric Transducers: Resistive,
Resistive strain gauges. L V. D. T, Inductive displacement transducer, Capacitive
displacement transducers, Ultrasonic methods.
UNIT-IV
FORCE & VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS: Differentiation and Integration methods,
Doppler system, Methods based on the mass bauer effect, Electro magnetic methods.
Acceleration transducers: Piezo electric transducers
UNIT-V
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS: Occlusive cuff methods. Force balance methods.
Direct hydraulically coupled Catheter transducer system, Diaphragm displacement
pressure transducers. Electrical transduction methods for Catheter tip transducer.
Optical transducers. Implantable pressure transducer, Micro pressure transducer.
UNIT-VI
FLOW TRANSDUCERS: Flow probe design and application: Catheter tip
electromagnetic Intra vascular probe & electronic system. Doppler shift flow meters,
Pressure gradient technique, Intra vascular Thermistor probe, Water filled
plethysmography, Air filled plethysmography, Fick & Rapid injection indicator dilution
methods.
UNIT-VII
BIOTELEMETRY: Radio Telemetry principles, FM, AM, PCM. Transmission of
biological data through radio telemetry. Single channel, multi channel systems. Block
diagrams and functions of bio signal transmitters and receivers.
UNIT- VIII
Bioelectric Amplifiers - Different types of Bioelectric amplifiers, Principle of Operational
Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier characteristics, Integrator, Differentiator, Log
Amplifier and Antilog Amplifier. Signal Conditioning
TEXT BOOKS:
1. John Webster. Medical Instrumentation.- Application and Design. John Wiley
and Sons. Inc., New York. Third edition 2003.
2. Tatsuo Togawa, Toshiyo Tamura & P, Ake Oberg, Biomedical Transducers and
Instruments, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997.
REFERENCE:
1. Richard. S. C.Cobbold; Transducers for Biomedical Measurements- principles
and application; Krieger pub Co, 1992
2. L. A Geddes, L.E.Baker, Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, John
Wiley & Sons. 1989.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(EC05498) PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LAB.
MINIMUM TWELVE EXPERIMENTS TO BE CONDUCTED :
1. Linear wave shaping.
2. Non Linear wave shaping – Clippers.
3. Non Linear wave shaping – Clampers.
4. Transistor as a switch.
5. Study of Logic Gates & Some applications.
6. Study of Flip-Flops & some applications.
7. Sampling Gates.
8. Astable Multivibrator.
9. Monostable Multivibrator.
10. Bistable Multivibrator.
11. Schmitt Trigger.
12. UJT Relaxation Oscillator.
13. Bootstrap sweep circuit.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05557) TRANSDUCERS LAB
1. L.V.D.T & STRAIN GAUGE
Designing of Oscillator & proportional amplifier
2. Resistance Thermometry (R. T. D)
3. Thermister & Thermocouple
Designing of Bridge Circuit & Reference Junction Compensation Circuit
4. Photo Sensors: Photo Diode, Solar Cell, and Photo Transistor
5. pH Measurement
6. Pressure Measurement
Designing of Instrumentation Amp With Different Gains
7. Level Measurement
8. P. I. D
P.I, P.D, P. I. D
Designing Of Integrator & Differentiator Using Components
9. Op-Amp As Adder Subtractor
Designing of Adder & Subtractor Using Components
10. Speed Measurement
11. L. D. R & Piezo Electric Transducers
12. Inductive & Capacitive Pickup
(EE05200) ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
DC MACHINES
Principle of operation of DC Machines- EMF equation – Types of generators –
Magnetization and load characteristics of DC generators
UNIT II
D.C. MOTORS
DC Motors – Types of DC Motors – Characteristics of DC motors – 3-point starters
for DC shunt motor – Losses and efficiency – Swinburne’s test – Speed control of
DC shunt motor – Flux and Armature voltage control methods.
UNIT III
TRANSFORMERS
Principle of operation of single phase transformer – types – Constructional features
Phasor diagram on No Load and Load – Equivalent circuit
UNIT IV
PERFORMANCE OF TRANSFORMERS
Losses and Efficiency of transformer and Regulation – OC and SC tests –
Predetermination of efficiency and regulation (Simple Problems).
UNIT V
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of operation of three-phase induction motors –Slip ring and Squirrel cage
motors – Slip-Torque characteristics – Efficiency calculation – Starting methods.
UNIT VI
ALTERNATORS
Alternators – Constructional features – Principle of operation – Types - EMF Equation
– Distribution and Coil span factors – Predetermination of regulation by Synchronous
Impedance Method – OC and SC tests.
UNIT VII
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Principle of operation - Shaded pole motors – Capacitor motors, AC servomotor, AC
tachometers, Synchros, Stepper Motors – Characteristics.
UNIT VIII
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS
Basic Principles of indicating instruments – Moving Coil and Moving iron Instruments
(Ammeters and Voltmeters).
TEXT BOOKS
1. Introduction to Electrical Engineering – M.S Naidu and S. Kamakshaiah, TMH
Publ.
2. Basic Electrical Engineering - T.K. Nagasarkar and M.S.Sukhija, Oxford
University Press, 2005
REFERENCES
1. Principles of Electrical Engineering - V.K Mehta, S.Chand Publications.
2. Theory and Problems of basic electrical engineering - I.J. Nagarath amd D.P
Kothari, PHI Publications
3. Essentials of Electrical and Computer Engineering - David V. Kerns, JR. J.
David Irwin
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(EE05539)SWITCHING THEORY AND LOGIC DESIGN
UNIT I
NUMBER SYSTEMS & CODES
Philosophy of number systems – complement representation of negative numbersbinary
arithmetic – binary codes – error detecting and error correcting codes –
hamming codes.
UNIT II
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND SWITCHING FUNCTIONS
Fundamental postulates of Boolean Algebra-Basic theorems and properties -
switching functions–Canonical and Standard forms—Algebraic simplification—digital
logic gates, properties of XOR gates –universal gates-Multilevel NAND/NOR
realizations.
UNIT III
MINIMIZATION OF SWITCHING FUNCTIONS
Map method, Prime implicants, Don’t care combinations, Minimal SOP and POS
forms, Tabular Method, Prime –Implicant chart, simplification rules
UNIT IV
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN
Design using conventional logic gates, Encoder, Decoder, Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer,
Modular design using IC chips, MUX Realization of switching functions Parity bit
generator, Code-converters, Hazards and hazard free realizations.
UNIT V
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES, THRESHOLD LOGIC
Basic PLD’s-ROM, PROM, PLA, PLD Realization of Switching functions using PLD’s.
Capabilities and limitations of Threshold gate, Synthesis of Threshold functions,
Multigate Synthesis.
UNIT VI
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS - I
Classification of sequential circuits (Synchronous, Asynchronous, Pulse mode, Level
mode with examples) Basic flip-flops-Triggering and excitation tables. Steps in
synchronous sequential circuit design. Design of modulo-N Ring and Shift counters,
Serial binary adder, sequence detector.
UNIT VII
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS - II
Finite state machine-capabilities and limitations, Mealy and Moore modelsminimization
of completely specified and incompletely specified sequential machines,
Partition techniques and Merger chart methods-concept of minimal cover table.
UNIT VIII
ALGOROTHIMIC STATE MACHINES
Salient features of the ASM chart-Simple examples-System design using data path
and control subsystems-control implementations-examples of Weighing machine
and Binary multiplier.
TEXTBOOKS
1. Switching and Logic design – CVS Rao, Pearson, 2005.
2. Switching & Finite Automata theory – Zvi Kohavi, TMH,2nd Edition.
REFERENCES
1. Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Design - F.J.Hill, G.R.Petrerson,
John Wiley, 2nd edition.
2. Switching Theory and Logic Design – R.P.Jain, TMH Editon, 2003.
3. Digital Design - Morris Mano, PHI, 2nd edition.
4. An Engineering Approach To Digital Design – Fletcher, PHI.
5. Digital Logic – Application and Design – John M. Yarbrough, Thomson
Publications, 1997.
6. Fundamentals of Logic Design – Charles H. Roth, Thomson Publications, 5th
Edition, 2004.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(EC05517) SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
UNIT I
SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Analogy between vectors and signals, Orthogonal signal space, Signal approximation
using orthogonal functions, Mean square error, Closed or complete set of orthogonal
functions, Orthogonality in complex functions, Exponential and sinusoidal signals,
Concepts of Impulse function, Unit step function, Signum function.
UNIT II
FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC SIGNALS
Representation of Fourier series, Continuous time periodic signals, properties of
Fourier series, Dirichlet’s conditions, Trigonometric Fourier series and Exponential
Fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum
UNIT III
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series, Fourier transform of arbitrary signal,
Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier transform of periodic signals, properties
of Fourier transforms, Fourier transforms involving impulse function and Signum
function. Introduction to Hilbert Transform.
UNIT IV
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS
Linear system, impulse response, Response of a linear system, Linear time invariant
(LTI) system, Linear time variant (LTV) system, Transfer function of a LTI system.
Filter characteristics of linear systems. Distortion less transmission through a system,
Signal bandwidth, system bandwidth, Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics,
Causality and Poly-Wiener criterion for physical realization, relationship between
bandwidth and rise time.
UNIT V
CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION OF SIGNALS
Concept of convolution in time domain and frequency domain, Graphical
representation of convolution, Convolution property of Fourier transforms. Cross
correlation and auto correlation of functions, properties of correlation function, Energy
density spectrum, Parseval’s theorem, Power density spectrum, Relation between
auto correlation function and energy/power spectral density function.Relation between
convolution and correlation, Detection of periodic signals in the presence of noise
by correlation, Extraction of signal from noise by filtering.
UNIT VI
SAMPLING
Sampling theorem – Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals, impulse
sampling, Natural and Flat top Sampling, Reconstruction of signal from its samples,
effect of under sampling – Aliasing, Introduction to Band Pass sampling.
UNIT VII
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Review of Laplace transforms, Partial fraction expansion, Inverse Laplace transform,
Concept of region of convergence (ROC) for Laplace transforms, constraints on
ROC for various classes of signals, Properties of L.T’s relation between L.T’s, and
F.T. of a signal. Laplace transform of certain signals using waveform synthesis.
UNIT VIII
Z–TRANSFORMS
Fundamental difference between continuous and discrete time signals, discrete time
signal representation using complex exponential and sinusoidal components,
Periodicity of discrete time usingcomplex exponential signal, Concept of Z- Transform
of a discrete sequence. Distinction between Laplace, Fourier and Z transforms.
Region of convergence in Z-Transform, constraints on ROC for various classes of
signals, Inverse Z-transform, properties of Z-transforms.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Signals, Systems & Communications - B.P. Lathi, BS Publications, 2003.
2. Signals and Systems - A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S.H. Nawab, PHI,
2nd Edn.
REFERENCES
1. Signals & Systems - Simon Haykin and Van Veen,Wiley, 2nd Edition.
2. Network Analysis - M.E. Van Valkenburg, PHI Publications, 3rd Edn., 2000.
3. Signals & Systems Analysis Using Transformation Methods & MAT
Lab - Robert:, TMH, 2003.
4. Signals, Systems and Transforms - C. L. Philips, J.M.Parr and Eve A.Riskin,
Pearson education., 3rd Edition, 2004.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(CM05045) APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT-I
Electro Chemistry and polymers: Conductance, Specific Equivalent and Molecular
Conductance -Cell constant -Measurement of Equivalent Conductance -Galvanic
Cell
UNIT-II
Standard Electrode Potentials -Calculation of E. M. F of a cell –Determination of pH
by E. M. F methods. Engineering use of the following a) Polyethylene, b) Teflon, C)
PVC, d) Bakelite, e) Rubber -Natural Rubber-.
UNIT-III
Lubricants and water Technology: Definition -Theory of Lubrication, properties of
Lubrication. Nature of Impurities present in water, Hardness of water and its
Determination, Different methods of Treatment of water- Lime soda, Zeolite, Ion
exchange process- Analysis of water.
UNIT-IV
Biochemistry of Living Cell, Sub-cellular. Fractionation using the Differential
Centrifugation Method. Functions of each Organelle, Transport of Substances across
Biological Membrane Function. Redox potential, Oxidative phosphorylation.
UNIT-V
Chemical nature of Enzymes - study of the Properties of Enzymes and kinetics by
Spectrophotometer. Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of Enzymes.
UNIT-VI
Carbohydrate, Protein & Lipid metabolism (Briefly), Nucleic Acid chemistry. Protein
synthesis. Transcription and Translation, Replication, Polymerase Chain
Reaction(PCR) Immunological Techniques or Immunoassay – Radio Immuno Assay
UNIT-VII
Blood Chemistry: Chemical Composition of Blood, Separation of Serum Proteins
and lipoproteins by Electrophoresis and Ultracentrifugation Acid Base Balance and
Biochemical Measurements of Acid-Base and Electrolyte status of the patients, Urine
Analysis.
UNIT-VIII
General methods of biochemical analysis carried out in the estimation of blood
constituents, such as glucose etc.
Principles and different methods of chromatography – fluorometry, flame photometry,
Automation and Biochemical Analysis.
Applications of isotopes in biochemistry.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Robert Murray, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W. Rodwell, Daryl K. Granner, Harper’s
Biochemistry, 26th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, February 2003.
2. Jain & Jain, Engineering Chemistry” Dhanpat Rai Publishing company,. New
Delhi.
REFERENCE
1. Rao, N. Mallikarjuna, Medical Biochemistry, New Age International Pvt Ltd,2002.
2. Lalit M. Srivastava, Nibhriti Das & Subrata sinha, Essentials of practical
Biochemistry, CBS Publishers, Ist edition, 2002.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05039) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT-I
Skeletal system: classification of Bones, Joints and Muscles- Structure and function.
Major Muscles of Limbs and their Actions. Functional Concept of the Human
body, Bone and Muscle Physiology,
UNIT-II
Nervous system and special senses: Brain and spinal cord, Peripheral and
Autonomic Nervous System, nerve physiology, Electroencephalogram and Electrocorticogram.
Anatomy and physiology of Eye and Ear.
UNIT-III
Cardiovascular system: heart, arterial and venous system, Performance
Characteristics of Heart and Major Blood Vessels, Electrocardiography
UNIT-IV
Respiratory system: Trachea and Lungs. Respiratory Physiology.
UNIT-V
Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands, Physiology of Endocrine Regulatory System.
UNIT-VI
Digestive System: Oesophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas
UNIT-VII
Lymphatic system: Spleen, glands and Lymph nodes
UNIT-VIII
Reproductive and Urinary Systems: Male and Female. Counter Current Concept
and its Application of Concentration Of Urine
REFERENCE:
1. Charles E. Tobin, Basic Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, 1980.
2. J Gibson, Modern Physiology & Anatomy for Nurses; Black-well Scientific Publishers,
1981.
3. Best and Taylor, The Living Body; B.I Publication, 1980. .
4. C. Tandan & Dr. Chandhramoli; Textbook of physiology for Dental studies.
Dorpan Publications.
5. Gorden Sears, W. S & Winwood W. S;Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses, Revised
edition
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05082) BIOELECTRICITY AND ELECTRODES
UNIT-I
Bioelectricity generation at the cellular & sub cellular level. Different biopotentials
and their characteristics.
UNIT-II
Nernst Equation: Derivations and its significance. Refractory Period Characteristics
of Stimulus. Strength-Duration relationship. Electrical equivalent circuit of Axon.
Membrane time and space constants.
UNIT-III
Hodgkin- huxley formulation, Membrane conductance, Nerve conduction, membrane
properties from current voltage relations, Models of squid axon. Propagation of impulses
in unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fiber. Electrical properties of receptors.
Intensity-frequency relationship. Electrical properties of synaptic junctions -
EPSP and IPSP.
UNIT-IV
Characteristics of Action potentials at SA Node, Atria, A V Node, Purkinje fibers and
Ventricles. ECG Complexes. 12 lead ECG. Standard leads of Einthoven. Pericardial
leads and Augmented limb leads. Relationship between unipolar extremity leads
and standard Bipolar leads.
UNIT-V
Biopotential electrodes: classification & characteristics. Electrode-Electrolyte Interface,
Equivalent Circuit Properties of Needle & Micro Electrodes, Electrodes for
Surgery, Physiotherapy & Analytical instruments.
UNIT-VI
Electrodes for ECG EEG EMG, EOG. Electrodes for surgery, physiotherapy and
Analytical Instruments, Ion-sensitive electrodes used in Biochemistry analysers.
UNIT-VII
Electrical activity of skeletal muscles, Motor unit potentials, neuromuscular transmission,
EMG wave form. Surface and needle electrodes for EMG. Velocity and
their changes in normal and abnormal states. Fatigue and conduction, chemical
significance. Gradation of muscular activity.
UNIT-VIII
Application of Bioelectric phenomena Forward, Inverse problems. Electro Encephalogram.
Impedance Plethysmography, Measurement of Tissue Resistance.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Robert Plonsey and Roger Barr, Bioelectricity, McGraw Hill, 1986.
2. John Webster. Medical Instrumentation.- Application and Design. John Wiley
and Sons. Inc., New York. Third edition 2003.
REFERENCE
1. Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation by L. A Geddes, John Willy &
Sons,1989.
2. Plonsey Robert and Flemming David G. Bioelectrical phenomena, McGraw
Hill, 1969.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05043) APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LAB
1. Study of Plasma protein electrophoresis.
2. Study of Chromatography to separate amino acids in protein mixtures.
3. Study of Colorimetry.
4. Study of Spectrophotometry.
5. Study of pH meter
6. Study of Flame photometry-Analysis of Na and K in an unknown sample
7. Quantitative estimation of glucose.
8. Quantitative estimation of urea.
9. Quantitative estimation of creatinine
10. Quantitative estimation of Serum proteins, A/G Ratio
11. CSF Analysis
12. Clearance Tests – Demonstration.
13. Test for presence of (a) Reducing Sugars (b) Proteins. (c) Ketone Bodies.
(d) Blood. (e) Bile Salts. (f) Bile Pigments.
II Year B.Tech. BME – I Semester
(BM05040)ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB
1. Histology Practicals. Showing the slides of Primary tissues.
2. Demonstration of Brain Dissection.
3. Dissected Upper limbs & Lower limbs -Its demonstration.
4. Dissection of Pelvis and Pelvic Organs Abdomen and Abdominal Organs.
5. Dissection of thorax – showing heart & major blood vessels, lungs and respiratory system.
6. Recording of B. P. and Effects of Physical Exertion and Posture on this Parameter.
7. Recording Mechanical Response of the Muscle on Application of Induced Electric Signal,
8. Study of Rate of Conduction of Nerve Impulse.
9. Isolated frog’s Heart Perfusion and Effect of Ions (Mg, Ca, K) using Slow Micro Injector (Demonstration).
10. Analysis of Na,K in an unknown sample using flame photometer (Demonstration).
11. Test of Hearing using Tuning Fork.
12. Recording of EMG, ECG, and EEG by Polygraph (Demonstration).
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(HS05353)MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Definition, Nature and Scope Managerial Economics–Demand Analysis: Demand
Determinants, Law of Demand and its exceptions.
UNIT II
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Definition, Types, Measurement and Significance of Elasticity of Demand. Demand
Forecasting, Factors governing demand forecasting, methods of demand forecasting
(survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test marketing,
controlled experiments, judgmental approach to demand forecasting)
UNIT III
THEORY OF PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS
Production Function – Isoquants and Isocosts, MRTS, Least Cost Combination of
Inputs, Production function, Laws of Returns, Internal and External Economies of
Scale.
Cost Analysis: Cost concepts, Opportunity cost, Fixed Vs.Variable costs, Explicit
costs Vs.Implicit costs, Out of pocket costs vs. Imputed costs. Break-even Analysis
(BEA)-termination of Break-Even Point (simple problems)-Managerial Significance
and limitations of BEA.
UNIT IV
INTRODUCTION TO MARKETS & PRICING STRATEGIES
Market structures: Types of competition, Features of Perfect competition, Monopoly
and Monopolistic Competition. Price-Output Determination in case of Perfect Competition
and Monopoly. Pricing Strategies
UNIT V
BUSINESS & NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Characteristic features of Business, Features and evaluation of Sole Proprietorship,
Partnership, Joint Stock Company, Public Enterprises and their types, Changing
Business Environment in Post-liberalization scenario.
UNIT VI
CAPITAL AND CAPITAL BUDGETING
Capital and its significance, Types of Capital, Estimation of Fixed and Working capital
requirements, Methods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope of capital
budgeting, features of capital budgeting proposals, Methods of Capital Budgeting:
Payback Method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) and Net Present Value Method
(simple problems)
UNIT VII
INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Double-Entry Book Keeping, Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance- Final Accounts (Trading
Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet with simple adjustments).
UNIT VIII
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIOS
Computation, Analysis and Interpretation of Liquidity Ratios (Current Ratio and quick
ratio), Activity Ratios (Inventory turnover ratio and Debtor Turnover ratio), Capital
structure Ratios (Debt-Equity ratio, Interest Coverage ratio), and Profitability ratios
(Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit ratio, Operating Ratio, P/E Ratio and EPS).
TEXTBOOKS
1. Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis – Aryasri, TMH,2/E, 2005.
2. Managerial Economics - Varshney & Maheswari, Sultan Chand, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Financial Accounting for Management - Ambrish Gupta, Pearson Education,
New Delhi, 2004.
2. Financial Accounting - Schaum’s Outlines, Shim &Siegel,TMH, 2/E,2004
3. Production and Operations Management – Chary, TMH, 3/e, 2004.
4. Managerial Economics In a Global Economy - Domnick Salvatore, Thomson,
4th Edition 2003.
5. Financial Accounting—A Managerial Perspective – Narayanaswamy, PHI, 2005
6. Managerial Economics - Peterson & Lewis, Pearson Education, 4th Edition,
2004
7. Managerial Economics& Financial Analysis - Raghunatha Reddy &
Narasimhachary, Scitech, 2005.
8. Financial Accounting - S.N.Maheswari & S.K. Maheswari, Vikas, 2005.
9. Managerial Economics:Analysis, Problems and Cases - Truet and Truet, Wiley,
2004.
10. Managerial Economics – Dwived, Vikas, 6th Ed.,2002
11. Managerial Economics - Yogesh Maheswari, PHI, 2nd Ed., 2nd Ed. 2005.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(CE 05239) ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
UNIT - I
Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and
Importance – Need for Public Awareness.
UNIT - II
Natural Resources : Renewable and non-renewable resources – Natural resources
and associated problems – Forest resources – Use and over – exploitation,
deforestation, case studies – Timber extraction – Mining, dams and other effects on
forest and tribal people – Water resources – Use and over utilization of surface and
ground water – Floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams – benefits and problems
- Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and
using mineral resources, case studies. - Food resources: World food problems,
changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture,
fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. - Energy resources:
Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of
alternate energy sources. Case studies. Land resources: Land as a resource, land
degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. Role of an
individual in conservation of natural resources. Equitable use of resources for
sustainable lifestyles.
UNIT - III
Ecosystems : Concept of an ecosystem. - Structure and function of an ecosystem.
- Producers, consumers and decomposers. - Energy flow in the ecosystem -
Ecological succession. - Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. -
Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following
ecosystem:
a. Forest ecosystem
b. Grassland ecosystem
c. Desert ecosystem
d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)
UNIT - IV
Biodiversity and its conservation : Introduction - Definition: genetic, species and
ecosystem diversity. - Bio-geographical classification of India - Value of biodiversity:
consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values - .
Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. - . India as a mega-diversity nation
- Hot-sports of biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife,
man-wildlife conflicts. - Endangered and endemic species of India - Conservation of
biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
UNIT - V
Environmental Pollution : Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of :
a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Soil pollution
d. Marine pollution
e. Noise pollution
f. Thermal pollution
g. Nuclear hazards
Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and
industrial wastes. - Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. - Pollution case
studies. - Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
UNIT - VI
Social Issues and the Environment : From Unsustainable to Sustainable
development -Urban problems related to energy -Water conservation, rain water
harvesting, watershed management -Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its
problems and concerns. Case Studies -Environmental ethics: Issues and possible
solutions. -Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear
accidents and holocaust. Case Studies. -Wasteland reclamation. -Consumerism
and waste products. -Environment Protection Act. -Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act. -Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act -Wildlife Protection
Act -Forest Conservation Act -Issues involved in enforcement of environmental
legislation. -Public awareness.
UNIT - VII
Human Population and the Environment : Population growth, variation among
nations. Population explosion - Family Welfare Programme. -Environment and human
health. -Human Rights. -Value Education. -HIV/AIDS. -Women and Child Welfare. -
Role of information Technology in Environment and human health. -Case Studies.
UNIT - VIII
Field work : Visit to a local area to document environmental assets River /forest
grassland/hill/mountain -Visit to a local polluted site-Urban/Rural/industrial/
Agricultural Study of common plants, insects, birds. -Study of simple ecosystemspond,
river, hill slopes, etc.
TEXTBOOK :
Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses by Erach Bharucha
for University Grants Commission.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(EC05497) PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
UNIT I
LINEAR WAVESHAPING
High pass, low pass RC circuits, their response for sinusoidal, step, pulse, square
and ramp inputs. RC network as differentiator and integrator, attenuators, its
applications in CRO probe, RL and RLC circuits and their response for step input,
Ringing circuit.
UNIT II
NON-LINEAR WAVE SHAPING
Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, clipping at two independent levels, Transfer
characteristics of clippers, Emitter coupled clipper, Comparators, applications of
voltage comparators, clamping operation, clamping circuits using diode with different
inputs, Clamping circuit theorem, practical clamping circuits, effect of diode
characteristics on clamping voltage, Transfer characteristics of clampers.
UNIT III
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVICES
Diode as a switch, piecewise linear diode characteristics, Transistor as a switch,
Break down voltage consideration of transistor, saturation parameters of Transistor
and their variation with temperature, Design of transistor switch, transistor-switching
times.
UNIT IV
MULTIVIBRATORS
Analysis and Design of Bistable, Monostable, Astable Multivibrators and Schmitt
trigger using transistors.
UNIT V
TIME BASE GENERATORS
General features of a time base signal, methods of generating time base waveform,
Miller and Bootstrap time base generators – basic principles, Transistor miller time
base generator, Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current time base
generators.
UNIT VI
SYNCHRONIZATION AND FREQUENCY DIVISION
Principles of Synchronization, Frequency division in sweep circuit, Astable relaxation
circuits, Monostable relaxation circuits, Synchronization of a sweep circuit with
symmetrical signals, Sine wave frequency division with a sweep circuit.
UNIT VII
SAMPLING GATES
Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and Bi-directional
sampling gates, Reduction of pedestal in gate circuits, Applications of sampling
gates.
UNIT VIII
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES USING DIODES & TRANSISTORS
AND, OR gates using Diodes, Resistor, Transistor Logic, Diode Transistor Logic.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms - J. Millman and H. Taub, McGraw-
Hill, 1991.
2. Solid State Pulse circuits - David A. Bell, PHI, 4th Edn.., 2002 .
REFERENCES
1. Pulse and Digital Circuits – A. Anand Kumar, PHI.
2. Wave Generation and Shaping - L. Strauss.
3. Pulse, Digital Circuits and Computer Fundamentals - R.Venkataraman.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II
(EC05471) PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS
UNIT I
Introduction : Block diagram of Electrical communication system, Radio communication
: Types of communications, Analog, pulse and digital Types of signals, Fourier
Transform for various signals, Fourier Spectrum, Power spectral density,
Autocorrelation, correlation, convolution.
UNIT II
Amplitude Modulation : Need for modulation, Types of Amplitude modulation, AM,
DSB SC, SSB SC, Power and BW requirements, generation of AM, DSB SC, SSB
SC, Demodulation of AM : Diode detector, Product demodulation for DSB SC &
SSB SC.
UNIT III
Angle Modulation : Frequency & Phase modulations, advantages of FM over AM,
Bandwidth consideration, Narrow band and Wide band FM, Comparison of FM &
PM.
UNIT IV
Pulse Modulations : Sampling, Nyquist rate of sampling, Sampling theorem for Band
limited signals, PAM, regeneration of base band signal, PWM and PPM, Time Divison
Multiplexing, Frequency Divison Multiplexing, Asynchronous Multiplexing.
UNIT V
Digital Communication : Advantages, Block diagram of PCM, Quantization, effect of
quantization, quantization error, Base band digital signal, DM, ADM, ADPCM and
comparison.
UNIT VI
Digital Modulation : ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK demodulation, coherent and
incoherent reception, Modems.
UNIT VII
Information Theory : Concept of information, rate of information and entropy, Source
coding for optimum rate of information, Coding efficiency, Shanon-Fano and Huffman
coding.
UNIT VIII
Error control coding : Introduction, Error detection and correction codes, block codes,
convolution codes.
TEXTBOOKS
1. Communication Systems Analog and Digital – R.P. Singh and SD Sapre,
TMH, 20th reprint, 2004.
2. Principles of Communications – H. Taub and D. Schilling, TMH, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Electronic Communication Systems – Kennedy and Davis, TMH, 4th edition,
2004.
2. Communication Systems Engineering – John. G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi,
PHI, 2nd Ed. 2004.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05064) BASIC CLINICAL SCIENCES-I
UNIT-I
NEPHROLOGY: Principles of dialysis; Haemodialysis, Acetate dialysis, Bicarbonate
dialysis. Peritonial dialysis, Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, Haemoperfusion,
Sequential ultra filtration. Haemofiltration, Adequacy of dialysis, Clearance,
dialysance,
UNIT-II
Components of dialysing system, Dialysate, composition of dialysate, Types of
dialysers, controls and monitoring devices for dialysers. Clinical significance. Renal
transplantation: Basic principles.
UNIT-III
NEUROLOGY: Diseases of nervous system, spinal cord lesions, motor nervous
disease, Prolapsed intravertebral disc, Neuropathies, Myasthenia gravis, Diseases
of muscle.
UNIT-IV
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS IN NEUROLOGY. Electro
encephalography.Computerized axial tomography, Angiography,
Pneumoencephalography, neuromuscular stimulation, Electromyography. Clinical
applications. Clinical significance, Diseases of muscle, Motor neuron disorders, The
electrical study of reflexes. The silent period. The F response, The H reflex, The
axion reflexes. Disorders of neuromuscular transmission
UNIT-V
CARDIOLOGY: Heart structure and function, Cardiac cycle, various valves and their
function, Cardio vascular measurements. Prosthetic devices. Monitors. Heart lung
machine applications and clinical significance. CVP and SWAN catheters. Electro
cardiography: Source of ECG potentials: Dipole theory, conduction system, Normal
and abnormal ECG’s. Diagnostic applications, interpretation of ECG. Cardiacpacing.
Diagnostic indications. Criteria for selection. Therapeutic indications. Complications.
Temporary pacing. Permanent pacing.
UNIT-VI
CARDIAC ASSIST DEVICES: Arterial and Ventricular fibrillation, application of
cardiac assist devices. Cardiac catheterisation. Echocardiography, Cine angiography,
Treadmill and Ergometer Applications and Clinical significance. Diagnostic usage
of ultrasound scanners. Doppler ultrasound measurement. Clinical significance. Open
heart surgery grafts, bypass surgery. Instrumentation used for open-heart surgery,
Organization of I.C.C.U Clinical aspects.
UNIT-VII
GENERAL SURGERY: Surgical patient. Clinically significant investigations, Pre
operative preparation. Study and operation of surgical equipment. laproscopy and
its use in various surgeries
UNIT-VIII
GASTROENTROLOGY: Anatomy and physiology of G.I.T. clinically significant
symptoms, signs and diseases. Nutritional support and parenteral therapy. Height
and weight estimations according to age. Intravenous cannulae, I. V Sets, Infusion
pumps, stomach wash tubes. Various endoscopic procedures, liver biopsy etc.
REFERENCE:
1. Diseases of kidney, vol. 1&2 Little Brown.
2. Physiological Approach to Clinical Neurology by Lance Mcleod
3. Cardio vascular assist devices
4. Rushmer , Cardio vascular Dynamics.
5. Dent. Stodel, tureoffe Surgical Endoscopy
6. Tean W. Salesh, Laproscopy
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05101)BIOTRANSDUCERS AND APPLICATIONS
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION: Classification, Basic requirements of bio transducers, Quasi state
effects (linearity, Hysterisis), Amplitude distortion, Phase distortion, Sampling errors,
Input and Output impedance effects, Factors influencing the choice and design of
the transducer in Measuring the Physiological Parameters.
UNIT-II
TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS (Measurement Principle, Design and
Applications): Thermo resistive, Thermo electric, PN junction diode- Thermometers,
frequency change temperature Transducers, Chemical Thermometry, Radiation
Thermometry.
UNIT-III
DISPLACEMENT, TRANSDUCERS: Potentiometric Transducers: Resistive,
Resistive strain gauges. L V. D. T, Inductive displacement transducer, Capacitive
displacement transducers, Ultrasonic methods.
UNIT-IV
FORCE & VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS: Differentiation and Integration methods,
Doppler system, Methods based on the mass bauer effect, Electro magnetic methods.
Acceleration transducers: Piezo electric transducers
UNIT-V
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS: Occlusive cuff methods. Force balance methods.
Direct hydraulically coupled Catheter transducer system, Diaphragm displacement
pressure transducers. Electrical transduction methods for Catheter tip transducer.
Optical transducers. Implantable pressure transducer, Micro pressure transducer.
UNIT-VI
FLOW TRANSDUCERS: Flow probe design and application: Catheter tip
electromagnetic Intra vascular probe & electronic system. Doppler shift flow meters,
Pressure gradient technique, Intra vascular Thermistor probe, Water filled
plethysmography, Air filled plethysmography, Fick & Rapid injection indicator dilution
methods.
UNIT-VII
BIOTELEMETRY: Radio Telemetry principles, FM, AM, PCM. Transmission of
biological data through radio telemetry. Single channel, multi channel systems. Block
diagrams and functions of bio signal transmitters and receivers.
UNIT- VIII
Bioelectric Amplifiers - Different types of Bioelectric amplifiers, Principle of Operational
Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier characteristics, Integrator, Differentiator, Log
Amplifier and Antilog Amplifier. Signal Conditioning
TEXT BOOKS:
1. John Webster. Medical Instrumentation.- Application and Design. John Wiley
and Sons. Inc., New York. Third edition 2003.
2. Tatsuo Togawa, Toshiyo Tamura & P, Ake Oberg, Biomedical Transducers and
Instruments, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997.
REFERENCE:
1. Richard. S. C.Cobbold; Transducers for Biomedical Measurements- principles
and application; Krieger pub Co, 1992
2. L. A Geddes, L.E.Baker, Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, John
Wiley & Sons. 1989.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(EC05498) PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LAB.
MINIMUM TWELVE EXPERIMENTS TO BE CONDUCTED :
1. Linear wave shaping.
2. Non Linear wave shaping – Clippers.
3. Non Linear wave shaping – Clampers.
4. Transistor as a switch.
5. Study of Logic Gates & Some applications.
6. Study of Flip-Flops & some applications.
7. Sampling Gates.
8. Astable Multivibrator.
9. Monostable Multivibrator.
10. Bistable Multivibrator.
11. Schmitt Trigger.
12. UJT Relaxation Oscillator.
13. Bootstrap sweep circuit.
II Year B.Tech. BME - II Semester
(BM05557) TRANSDUCERS LAB
1. L.V.D.T & STRAIN GAUGE
Designing of Oscillator & proportional amplifier
2. Resistance Thermometry (R. T. D)
3. Thermister & Thermocouple
Designing of Bridge Circuit & Reference Junction Compensation Circuit
4. Photo Sensors: Photo Diode, Solar Cell, and Photo Transistor
5. pH Measurement
6. Pressure Measurement
Designing of Instrumentation Amp With Different Gains
7. Level Measurement
8. P. I. D
P.I, P.D, P. I. D
Designing Of Integrator & Differentiator Using Components
9. Op-Amp As Adder Subtractor
Designing of Adder & Subtractor Using Components
10. Speed Measurement
11. L. D. R & Piezo Electric Transducers
12. Inductive & Capacitive Pickup
Course structure and syllabus for JNTU BME
I am posting my first post about my syllabus here it goes
This is for (2006-2010) batch
BIO-MEDICAL
ENGINEERING
I Year
COURSE STRUCTURE
English
Mathematics
Mathematical Methods
Applied Physics
C Programming and Data Structures
Network Analysis
Electronic Devices and Circuits
Engineering Drawing Practice Lab.
Computer Programming Lab.
IT Workshop
Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab.
English Language communication skills Lab.
.
II Year Ist Semester
Electrical Technology
Switching Theory and Logic Design
Signals and Systems
Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
Anatomy and Physiology
Bioelectricity and Electrodes
Applied Biochemistry lab
Anatomy and Physiology lab
II Year IInd Semester
Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis
Environmental Studies
Pulse and Digital Circuits
Principles of Communications
Basic Clinical Sciences I
Biotransducers and Applications
Pulse and Digital Circuits lab
Transducers Lab
III Year Ist Semester
Digital Signal Processing
Linear and Digital IC Applications
Hospital System Management
Basic Clinical Sciences - II
Biofluids and Mechanics
Biomedical Equipment
IC Applications Lab.
Biomedical Equipment Lab.
III Year IInd Semester
VLSI Design
Microprocessors and Interfacing
Biological Control Systems
Lasers and Fiber Optics in Medicine
Biomedical Signal Processing
Medical Imaging Techniques
Microprocessors Lab
Biomedical Signal Processing lab
IV Year Ist Semester
Computer Networks
Artificial Neural Networks
Image Processing and Pattern Recognition
Rehabilitation Engineering
ELECTIVE-I
Operating Systems
Micro controllers and Applications
Electro Magnetic Interference and
Compatibility techniques
ELECTIVE-II
Embedded and Real time Systems
Medical Informatics
Physiological Systems Modeling
Medical Imaging Techniques Lab
Digital Image Processing Lab.
IV Year IInd Semester
BioMEMS
ELECTIVE-III
Digital Design through Verilog
Biomaterials
Transportation Phenomena in living systems
ELECTIVE-IV
Robotics and Automation
DSP Processors and Architectures
Quantitative Engineering Physiology
Seminar 2
Industry Oriented Mini Project
Project work
As first year is common for all students I am skipping it I will post from second year on wards
This is for (2006-2010) batch
BIO-MEDICAL
ENGINEERING
I Year
COURSE STRUCTURE
English
Mathematics
Mathematical Methods
Applied Physics
C Programming and Data Structures
Network Analysis
Electronic Devices and Circuits
Engineering Drawing Practice Lab.
Computer Programming Lab.
IT Workshop
Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab.
English Language communication skills Lab.
.
II Year Ist Semester
Electrical Technology
Switching Theory and Logic Design
Signals and Systems
Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
Anatomy and Physiology
Bioelectricity and Electrodes
Applied Biochemistry lab
Anatomy and Physiology lab
II Year IInd Semester
Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis
Environmental Studies
Pulse and Digital Circuits
Principles of Communications
Basic Clinical Sciences I
Biotransducers and Applications
Pulse and Digital Circuits lab
Transducers Lab
III Year Ist Semester
Digital Signal Processing
Linear and Digital IC Applications
Hospital System Management
Basic Clinical Sciences - II
Biofluids and Mechanics
Biomedical Equipment
IC Applications Lab.
Biomedical Equipment Lab.
III Year IInd Semester
VLSI Design
Microprocessors and Interfacing
Biological Control Systems
Lasers and Fiber Optics in Medicine
Biomedical Signal Processing
Medical Imaging Techniques
Microprocessors Lab
Biomedical Signal Processing lab
IV Year Ist Semester
Computer Networks
Artificial Neural Networks
Image Processing and Pattern Recognition
Rehabilitation Engineering
ELECTIVE-I
Operating Systems
Micro controllers and Applications
Electro Magnetic Interference and
Compatibility techniques
ELECTIVE-II
Embedded and Real time Systems
Medical Informatics
Physiological Systems Modeling
Medical Imaging Techniques Lab
Digital Image Processing Lab.
IV Year IInd Semester
BioMEMS
ELECTIVE-III
Digital Design through Verilog
Biomaterials
Transportation Phenomena in living systems
ELECTIVE-IV
Robotics and Automation
DSP Processors and Architectures
Quantitative Engineering Physiology
Seminar 2
Industry Oriented Mini Project
Project work
As first year is common for all students I am skipping it I will post from second year on wards
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